Inombolo yamasistimu okugcina amandla ebhethri (i-BESS) yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaguquki, okuhlanganisa isikali sensiza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisabalalisiwe, isiqale ukukhula kakhulu, ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-apricum, i-ejensi ehlanzekile yokubonisana nobuchwepheshe.Ngokwezilinganiso zakamuva, ukuthengiswa kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule kusuka ku- $ 1 billion ngo-2018 kuye phakathi kwama- $ 20 billion nama- $ 25 billion ngo-2024.
I-Apricum ihlonze abashayeli abathathu abakhulu bokukhula kwe-Bess: okokuqala, inqubekelaphambili enhle ezindlekweni zebhethri.Okwesibili uhlaka lokulawula oluthuthukisiwe, kokubili okuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwamabhethri.Okwesithathu, i-Bess iyimakethe ekhulayo yesevisi engalungiseka.
1. Izindleko zebhethri
Imfuneko ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwe-Bess ukuncishiswa kwezindleko ezihlobene phakathi nempilo yebhethri.Lokhu ikakhulukazi kufezwa ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimali, ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza noma ukuthuthukisa izimo zezimali.

2. izindleko ezinkulu
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwezindleko kobuchwepheshe be-Bess ibhethri ye-lithium-ion, eyehle isuka cishe ku-US $500-600 / kwh ngo-2012 yaya e-US $300-500 / kWh okwamanje.Lokhu kungenxa yesikhundla esiphezulu sobuchwepheshe kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ezifana nezimboni ze-“3C” (ikhompyutha, ukuxhumana, izinto zikagesi zabathengi) kanye nezimoto zikagesi, kanye nomphumela wezomnotho wesilinganiso ekukhiqizeni.Kulo mongo, u-Tesla uhlela ukwehlisa izindleko zamabhethri e-lithium-ion ngokukhiqizwa kwesitshalo sakhe se-35 GWH / kW "Giga factory" eNevada.U-Alevo, umkhiqizi wamabhethri okugcina amandla waseMelika, umemezele uhlelo olufanayo lokuguqula imboni kagwayi eshiywe ibe yimboni yebhethri yamahora ayi-16 gigawatt.
Ezinsukwini zamanje, ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla abaningi bazibophezele ekusebenziseni ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa imali ephansi.Bayaqaphela ukuthi kuzoba nzima ukuhlangabezana nomthamo wokukhiqiza wamabhethri e-lithium-ion, futhi izinkampani ezifana ne-EOS, i-aquon noma i-ambri zenza amabhethri azo ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zezindleko kusukela ekuqaleni.Lokhu kungafezwa ngokusebenzisa inani elikhulu lezinto ezingavuthiwe ezishibhile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuzishintshayo kakhulu bama-electrode, ama-proton exchange membranes nama-electrolyte, kanye nokukhiphela ngaphandle ukukhiqizwa kwawo kosonkontileka abakhiqiza emhlabeni wonke abafana noFoxconn.Ngenxa yalokho, i-EOS ithe intengo yesistimu yeklasi ye-megawatt ingama-$ 160 / kWh kuphela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthengwa kwezinto ezintsha kungasiza ekunciphiseni izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali ze-Bess.Isibonelo, i-Bosch, i-BMW kanye nenkampani yaseSweden i-Vattenfall bafaka amasistimu okugcina amandla angu-2MW / 2mwh asekelwe kumabhethri e-lithium-ion asetshenziswa ezimotweni ze-BMW I3 kanye ne-ActiveE.
3. ukusebenza
Amapharamitha wokusebenza kwebhethri angathuthukiswa ngemizamo yabakhiqizi nama-opharetha ukwehlisa izindleko zesistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri (BESS).Impilo yebhethri (umjikelezo wempilo nempilo yomjikelezo) ngokusobala inethonya elikhulu emnothweni webhethri.Ezingeni lokukhiqiza, ngokwengeza izithasiselo zobunikazi kumakhemikhali asebenzayo kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo yokukhiqiza ukuze kuzuzwe ikhwalithi yebhethri efanayo futhi engaguquki, impilo yokusebenza inganwetshwa.
Ngokusobala, ibhethri kufanele lihlale lisebenza ngempumelelo ngaphakathi kwebanga lokusebenza eliklanyelwe, isibonelo, uma kuziwa ekujuleni kokukhipha (DoD).Impilo yomjikelezo inganwetshwa kakhulu ngokunciphisa ukujula okungaba khona kokukhipha (i-DoD) kuhlelo lokusebenza noma ngokusebenzisa amasistimu anomthamo omkhulu kunalokho okudingekile.Ulwazi oluningiliziwe lwemikhawulo yokusebenza engcono kakhulu etholwe ngokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri okuqinile, kanye nokuba nesistimu yokuphatha ibhethri efanelekile (BMS) kuyinzuzo enkulu.Ukulahleka kokusebenza kahle kohambo lokuya nokubuya kubangelwa ikakhulukazi i-hysteresis engokwemvelo kukhemikhali yeseli.Izinga lokushaja elifanelekile noma izinga lokukhipha kanye nokujula kokukhipha okuhle (i-DoD) kuyasiza ukugcina ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
Ukwengeza, amandla kagesi asetshenziswa izingxenye zesistimu yebhethri (ukupholisa, ukufudumeza noma uhlelo lokuphatha ibhethri) athinta ukusebenza kahle futhi kufanele agcinwe okungenani.Isibonelo, ngokungeza izakhi zomshini kumabhethri e-lead-acid ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-dendrite, ukuwohloka komthamo webhethri ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungancishiswa.

4. Izimo zezimali
Ibhizinisi lasebhange lamaphrojekthi we-Bess livame ukuthintwa irekhodi elilinganiselwe lokusebenza kanye nokuntuleka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezikhungo zezimali ekusebenzeni, ukunakekelwa kanye nemodeli yebhizinisi yokugcina amandla ebhethri.

Abahlinzeki nabathuthukisi besistimu yokugcinwa kwamandla ebhethri (BESS) amaphrojekthi kufanele bazame ukuthuthukisa izimo zokutshala izimali, isibonelo, ngemizamo yesiqinisekiso esimisiwe noma ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokuhlola ibhethri ephelele.

Sekukonke, ngokuncipha kwemali esetshenziswayo kanye nenani elikhulayo lamabhethri okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, ukuzethemba kwabatshalizimali kuzokhula futhi izindleko zabo zezimali zizokwehla.

5. Uhlaka lokulawula
Isistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri isetshenziswe yi-wemag / younicos
Njengabo bonke ubuchwepheshe obusha obungena ezimakethe ezivuthiwe, isistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri (BESS) incike ngezinga elithile ohlakeni lokulawula oluvumayo.Okungenani lokho kusho ukuthi azikho izithiyo zokubamba iqhaza kwemakethe kohlelo lokugcina amandla ebhethri (BESS).Ngokufanelekile, iminyango kahulumeni izobona ukubaluleka kwezinhlelo zokugcina ezigxilile futhi ikhuthaze izicelo zabo ngokufanele.
Isibonelo sokususa umthelela wezithiyo zohlelo lokusebenza yi-Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 755, edinga i-isos3 ne-rtos4 ukuze inikeze izinkokhelo zokusebenza ezisheshayo, ezinembe kakhulu neziphakeme zezinsiza ze-mw-miliee55.Njengoba i-PJM, i-opharetha ezimele, iguqule imakethe yayo kagesi wezitolo ngo-Okthoba 2012, isikali sokugcina amandla besilokhu sikhula.Ngenxa yalokho, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zemishini yokugcina amandla engu-62 MW etshalwe e-United States ngo-2014 ziyimikhiqizo yokugcina amandla ye-PJM.E-Germany, abasebenzisi bezindawo zokuhlala abathenga amandla elanga namandla okugcina amandla bangathola imali mboleko enenzalo ephansi kwa-KfW, ibhange lokuthuthukisa eliphethwe uhulumeni wase-Germany, futhi bathole isaphulelo esifika ku-30% senani lokuthenga.Kuze kube manje, lokhu kuye kwaholela ekufakweni kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezingaba ngu-12000, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi enye i-13000 yakhiwe ngaphandle kohlelo.Ngo-2013, isiphathimandla esilawulayo sase-California (CPUC) sasidinga ukuthi umkhakha wezinsiza kufanele uthenge u-1.325gw womthamo wokugcina amandla ngo-2020. Uhlelo lokuthenga luhlose ukukhombisa ukuthi amabhethri angenza kanjani igridi ibe yesimanje futhi isize ukuhlanganisa amandla elanga nawomoya.

Izibonelo ezingenhla ziyizenzakalo ezinkulu eziye zavusa ukukhathazeka okukhulu emkhakheni wokugcinwa kwamandla.Nokho, izinguquko ezincane nezivame ukungabonakali emithethweni zingase zibe nomthelela oqinile ekusetshenzisweni kwesifunda kwesistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri (BESS).Izibonelo ezingaba khona zihlanganisa:

Ngokunciphisa nje ubuncane bezidingo zamandla ezimakethe ezinkulu zokugcina amandla eJalimane, amasistimu okugcina amandla ezindawo zokuhlala azovunyelwa ukuthi abambe iqhaza njengezitshalo zamandla abonakalayo, okuqhubeke nokuqinisa ibhizinisi le-Bess.
Isici esibalulekile sohlelo lwesithathu lwe-EU lokushintshwa kwamandla, olwaqala ukusebenza ngo-2009, ukuhlukaniswa kwebhizinisi lokuphehla ugesi nelokuthengisa kunethiwekhi yalo yokudlulisa.Kulesi simo, ngenxa yokungaqiniseki okuthile okungokomthetho, izimo lapho umqhubi wesistimu yokudlulisa (TSO) azovunyelwa ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokugcina amandla azicacile ngokugcwele.Ukwenziwa ngcono komthetho kuzobeka isisekelo sokusetshenziswa okubanzi kohlelo lokugcina amandla ebhethri (i-BESS) ekusekelweni kwegridi yamandla.
Isixazululo samandla e-AEG semakethe yesevisi ephendulekayo
Ukuthambekela okuthile kwemakethe kagesi emhlabeni wonke kubangela ukwanda kwesidingo sezinsizakalo.Empeleni, isevisi ye-Bess ingamukelwa.Amathrendi ahlobene ami kanje:
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokwenyuka kokunwebeka kokunikezwa kwamandla ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele zemvelo, isidingo sokuguquguquka ohlelweni lwamandla siyakhula.Lapha, amaphrojekthi okugcina amandla angahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezisizayo ezifana nokulawulwa kwefrikhwensi nogesi, ukunciphisa ukuminyana kwegridi, ukuqinisa amandla avuselelekayo kanye nokuqalisa okumnyama.

Ukwandiswa nokuqaliswa kwengqalasizinda yokukhiqiza nokudluliswa nokusabalalisa ngenxa yokuguga noma ukuntuleka kwamandla, kanye nokwanda kokufakwa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya.Kulesi simo, isistimu yokugcinwa kwamandla ebhethri (i-BESS) ingasetshenziswa njengenye indlela yokubambezeleka noma ukugwema ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda ukuze kuzinziswe igridi yamandla ehlukanisiwe noma ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamajeneretha edizili ohlelweni lwegridi engasebenzi.
Abasebenzisi bokugcina bezezimboni, ezentengiselwano kanye nezindawo zokuhlala bathwala kanzima ukubhekana nezindleko zikagesi eziphakeme, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokushintsha kwamanani nezindleko zokufunwa.Kubanikazi (abangase) bezindawo zokuhlala abaphehla ugesi welanga, intengo yegridi encishisiwe izothinta ukuba nokwenzeka kwezomnotho.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunikezwa kukagesi kuvame ukungathembeki futhi kusezingeni eliphansi.Amabhethri amile angasiza ekwandiseni ukuzisebenzisela wona, enze “i-peak clipping” kanye “ne-peak shifting” kuyilapho ehlinzeka ngogesi ongaphazamiseki (UPS).
Ngokusobala, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalesi sidingo, kunezinketho ezihlukahlukene zendabuko ezingezona ezokugcina amandla.Ukuthi amabhethri ayinketho engcono yini kumele ahlolwe ngakunye futhi angahluka kakhulu ngokwesifunda ngesifunda.Isibonelo, nakuba kunamacala athile asebenzayo ebhizinisi e-Australia naseTexas, lawa macala adinga ukunqoba inkinga yokudluliselwa kwebanga elide.Ubude bekhebula obujwayelekile beleveli kagesi emaphakathi e-Germany bungaphansi kuka-10 km, okwenza ukunwetshwa kwegridi yamandla evamile kube enye izindleko eziphansi ezimweni eziningi.
Ngokuvamile, isistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri (BESS) ayanele.Ngakho-ke, izinsizakalo kufanele zihlanganiswe "ku-benefit superposition" ukuze kwehliswe izindleko futhi kunxeshezelwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.Ukuqala ngohlelo lokusebenza olunomthombo omkhulu wemali engenayo, kufanele siqale sisebenzise amandla asele ukuze sibambe amathuba akusayithi futhi sigweme imigoqo yokulawula efana nokuphakelwa kukagesi kwe-UPS.Kunoma imuphi umthamo osele, izinsiza ezilethwa kugridi (ezifana nokulawulwa kwamafrikhwensi) nazo zingabhekwa.Akungabazeki ukuthi izinsizakalo ezengeziwe azikwazi ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakalo ezinkulu.

Umthelela kubahlanganyeli bemakethe yokugcina amandla.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwalaba bashayeli kuzoholela emathubeni amasha ebhizinisi kanye nokukhula kwemakethe okulandelayo.Kodwa-ke, intuthuko engeyinhle nayo izoholela ekwehlulekeni noma ngisho nasekulahlekeni kokwenzeka kwezomnotho kwemodeli yebhizinisi.Isibonelo, ngenxa yokushoda okungalindelekile kwezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukwehliswa kwezindleko okulindelekile kungase kungenzeki, noma ukuthengiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kungase kungenziwa njengoba kulindelekile.Izinguquko kwimithethonqubo zingakha uhlaka lapho i-Bess ingakwazi khona ukubamba iqhaza.Ukwengeza, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni eziseduze kungase kudale ukuncintisana okwengeziwe kwe-Bess, njengokulawula imvamisa yamandla avuselelekayo asetshenziswayo: kwezinye izimakethe (isb. i-Ireland), amazinga egridi asevele edinga amapulazi omoya njengendawo yokugcina amandla amakhulu.

Ngakho-ke, amabhizinisi kufanele anakane kakhulu, abikezele futhi abe nomthelela omuhle ezindlekweni zebhethri, uhlaka lokulawula futhi abambe iqhaza ngempumelelo esidingweni semakethe yomhlaba wonke sokugcinwa kwamandla ebhethri angashintshi..