Ekuseni ngo-April 21, 2014, i-musk parachuted e-Beijing Qiaofu Fangcao ngendiza yangasese futhi yaya eMnyangweni wezesayensi nobuchwepheshe waseChina isitobhi sokuqala sokuhlola ikusasa lokungena kukaTesla eChina.UMnyango wezesayensi nobuchwepheshe ubulokhu ukhuthaza uTesla, kodwa kulokhu u-musk wavala umnyango futhi wathola impendulo elandelayo: I-China icubungula ukuguqulwa kwentela yezimoto zikagesi.Ngaphambi kokuphothulwa kwezinguquko, amamodeli kusazodingeka akhokhe intela engu-25% njengezimoto zikaphethiloli ezivamile.

Ngakho-ke u-musk uhlela "ukumemeza" ngengqungquthela yabasunguli be-geek Park.Ehholo elikhulu lekhonsathi yaseZhongshan, uYang Yuanqing, uZhou Hongyi, uZhang Yiming nabanye bahlezi esiteji.Futhi u-musk walinda ngemuva kwesiteji, wakhipha umakhalekhukhwini wakhe futhi wabhala ku-Twitter.Kuthe uma kuzwakala lo mculo wavele wagibela esiteji, ehalalisa futhi eshaya ihlombe.Kepha lapho ebuyela e-United States, wabhala kuTwitter wakhononda: "E-China, sifana nengane ekhasayo."

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, u-Tesla ubesonqenqemeni lokuqothuka izikhathi eziningana njengoba imakethe ivame ukuba ne-bearish futhi inkinga ye-dystocia iholele kumjikelezo wokuqoqwa kwamakhasimende okuyingxenye yonyaka.Ngenxa yalokho, i-musk yadilika yaze yabhema insangu bukhoma, ilala efektri yaseCalifornia nsuku zonke ukuze kuqashwe inqubekelaphambili.Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuxazulula inkinga yamandla ukwakha izimboni ezinkulu eChina.Kuze kube manje, u-musk wakhala enkulumweni yakhe eHong Kong: kumakhasimende aseShayina, waze wafunda ukusebenzisa i-wechat.

Isikhathi siyahamba.NgoJanuwari 7, 2020, i-musk yeza e-Shanghai futhi yaletha iqoqo lokuqala lokhiye bemodeli 3 yasekhaya kubanikazi bezimoto zamaShayina efektri iTesla Shanghai Super.Amazwi akhe okuqala ayethi: Ngiyabonga kuhulumeni waseShayina.Ubuye waba nomdanso wokuhlikihla iqolo khona lapho.Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngokunciphisa okubukhali kwentengo yemodeli yasekhaya ye-3, abantu abaningi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwemboni baye basho ngokwethuka: ukuphela kwezimoto zamandla amasha e-China kuyeza.

Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka odlule, u-Tesla uhlangabezane nezigameko ezinkulu ze-rollover, okuhlanganisa ukusha kwebhethri okuzenzakalelayo, injini engalawuleki, i-skylight endizayo, njll. Futhi isimo sengqondo sikaTesla sesiphenduke "esinengqondo" noma sokuzikhukhumeza.Muva nje, ngenxa yokwehluleka kwamandla ezimoto ezintsha, uTesla ugxekwe abezindaba abaphakathi.Uma sikhuluma nje, inkinga yokuncipha kwebhethri ye-Tesla ivame kakhulu, abanikazi bezimoto ku-inthanethi bagxeka izwi futhi ngokulandelana.

Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlaka zombuso zathatha isinyathelo ngokusemthethweni.Muva nje, i-General Administration of market supervision kanye neminye iminyango emihlanu eyaxoxwa noTesla, ehilela ikakhulukazi izinkinga ezifana nokusheshisa okungavamile, umlilo webhethri, ukuthuthukiswa kwemoto ekude, njll. Njengoba sonke sazi, amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate asekhaya asetshenziswa ngokuyisisekelo kumodeli yasekhaya 3 .

Ibaluleke kangakanani ibhethri ye-lithium?Uma sibheka emuva ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni, ingabe i-China iyabuqonda ngempela ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo?Ungayithola kanjani impumelelo?

1/ Ithuluzi elibalulekile lezikhathi

Ekhulwini lama-20, isintu sakha ingcebo eyengeziwe kunesamba seminyaka engu-2000 edlule.Phakathi kwazo, isayensi nobuchwepheshe kungabhekwa njengamandla anqumayo ekuthuthukiseni impucuko yomhlaba wonke kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho.Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, izinto ezisunguliwe zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ezidalwe abantu zikhazimula njengezinkanyezi, futhi ezimbili zazo ziqashelwa njengethonya elifinyelela kude enqubweni yomlando.Eyokuqala i-transistors, ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kube namakhompyutha;okwesibili amabhethri e-lithium-ion, ngaphandle kwawo umhlaba ubungeke ucabange.

Namuhla, amabhethri e-lithium asetshenziswe ezinkulungwaneni zezigidi zamaselula, ama-laptops neminye imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi njalo ngonyaka, kanye nezigidi zezimoto zamandla amasha, ngisho nawo wonke amadivaysi aphathekayo emhlabeni adinga ukushajwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokufika kwenguquko entsha yemoto yamandla kanye nokudalwa kwemishini ephathwayo eyengeziwe, imboni yebhethri ye-lithium izoba nekusasa eliqhakazile.Isibonelo, inani lokukhiphayo lonyaka lamaseli ebhethri ye-lithium kuphela selifinyelele kumayuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200, futhi ikusasa seliseduze kakhulu.

Izinhlelo nezinhlelo zokuqedwa kwesikhathi esizayo kwezimoto zikaphethiloli ezakhiwe ngamazwe ahlukene emhlabeni nazo zizobe “zihambisana nekhekhe”.Owokuqala yiNorway ngo-2025, kanye ne-United States, Japan kanye namazwe amaningi ase-Europe cishe ngo-2035. I-China ayinalo uhlelo lwesikhathi olucacile.Uma bungekho ubuchwepheshe obusha esikhathini esizayo, imboni yebhethri ye-lithium izoqhubeka nokuchuma amashumi eminyaka.Kungashiwo ukuthi noma ubani ongumnikazi wobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bebhethri ye-lithium kusho ukuba nentonga yokubusa imboni.

Amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu abeka uhlelo lwezikhathi lokuyekiswa kwezimoto zikaphethiloli

Eminyakeni edlule, i-Europe ne-United States, i-China, i-Japan kanye ne-South Korea baye baqala ukuncintisana okunamandla ngisho nokuxabana emkhakheni wamabhethri e-lithium, okubandakanya ososayensi abaningi abadumile, amanyuvesi amaningi aphezulu kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo, kanye nama-giants kanye ne-capital consortia izimboni zikaphethiloli, zamakhemikhali, zezimoto, zesayensi nobuchwepheshe.Ubani owayengacabanga ukuthi indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yebhethri ye-lithium yomhlaba wonke yayifana neye-semiconductor: yavela eYurophu nase-United States, inamandla kuneJapane neNingizimu Korea, futhi ekugcineni yalawulwa yiChina.

Ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-lithium baba khona eYurophu naseMelika.Kamuva, abantu baseMelika basungula i-lithium cobalt oxide ngokulandelana, i-lithium manganese oxide namabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate, ahola embonini.Ngo-1991, iJapan yaba ngeyokuqala ukwenza izimboni zamabhethri e-lithium-ion, kodwa-ke imakethe yaqhubeka nokuncipha.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iSouth Korea ithembele kuhulumeni ukuthi uyiqhubekisele phambili.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusekelwa okuqinile kukahulumeni, i-China yenze imboni yebhethri ye-lithium yaba ngowokuqala emhlabeni isinyathelo ngesinyathelo.

Ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yebhethri ye-lithium, iYurophu, iMelika kanye neJapane babambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ubuchwepheshe.Ngo-2019, iNobel Prize kuchemistry yaklonyeliswa ososayensi baseMelika uJohn goodinaf, uStanley whitingham kanye nososayensi waseJapan uYoshino ngokuhlonishwa kwamagalelo abo ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion.Njengoba ososayensi base-United States naseJapane bewine uMklomelo KaNobel, ingabe iChina ingahola ngempela kubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo bamabhethri e-lithium?

2/ Imbeleko yebhethri ye-lithium 

Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-lithium emhlabeni kunendlela ende okufanele ilandelwe.Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ngenxa yenkinga kawoyela, u-Exxon wasungula ilabhorethri yocwaningo eNew Jersey, eheha inani elikhulu lamathalenta aphezulu ku-physics namakhemikhali, kuhlanganise no-Stanley whitingham, umlingani we-postdoctoral ku-solid state electrochemistry e-Stanford University.Umgomo wayo uwukwakha kabusha isixazululo samandla amasha, okungukuthi, ukuthuthukisa isizukulwane esisha samabhethri aphinde ashajwe.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, iBell Labs isungule ithimba losokhemisi nochwepheshe befiziksi abavela eNyuvesi yaseStanford.Izinhlangothi zombili zenze umqhudelwano oshubile kakhulu ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri esizukulwane esilandelayo.Noma ngabe ucwaningo luhlobene, "imali ayiyona inkinga.".Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe mihlanu yocwaningo oluyimfihlo kakhulu, u-whitingham nethimba lakhe baqale basungula ibhethri le-lithium-ion lokuqala emhlabeni eliphinde lishajwe kabusha.

Leli bhethri le-lithium ngobuhlakani lisebenzisa i-titanium sulfide njenge-cathode material kanye ne-lithium njenge-anode material.Inezinzuzo zesisindo sokukhanya, umthamo omkhulu futhi awukho umphumela wenkumbulo.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ilahla ukushiyeka kwebhethri yangaphambilini, okungase kuthiwe i-qualitative leap.Ngo-1976, u-Exxon wafaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi lokuqala lomhlaba lokusungulwa kwebhethri ye-lithium, kodwa akazange azuze ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni.Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuthinti isithunzi sika-whitingham “njengoyise we-lithium” kanye nesimo sakhe emhlabeni.

Yize okusungulwe yi-whitingham kukhuthaze imboni, ukusha kwebhethri nokuchotshozwa kwangaphakathi kulikhathaze kakhulu iqembu, okuhlanganisa ne-gudinaf.Ngakho-ke, yena kanye nabasizi ababili be-postdoctoral baqhubeka nokuhlola ithebula le-periodic ngendlela ehlelekile.Ngo-1980, ekugcineni banquma ukuthi impahla engcono kakhulu kwakuyi-cobalt.I-Lithium cobalt oxide, engasetshenziswa njenge-cathode yamabhethri e-lithium-ion, iphakeme kakhulu kunanoma yiziphi ezinye izinto ngaleso sikhathi futhi yangena emakethe ngokushesha.

Kusukela lapho, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri yomuntu buye bathatha igxathu elikhulu eliya phambili.Yini engenzeka ngaphandle kwe-lithium cobaltite?Ngamafuphi, kungani “umakhalekhukhwini omkhulu” wawumkhulu futhi usinda?Kungenxa yokuthi alikho ibhethri ye-lithium cobalt.Kodwa-ke, nakuba ibhethri ye-lithium cobalt oxide inezinzuzo eziningi, ukungalungi kwayo kuvezwa ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu, okuhlanganisa izindleko eziphezulu, ukumelana nokushajwa okungalungile nokusebenza komjikelezo, kanye nokungcoliswa kwemfucuza okukhulu.

Ngakho-ke ugoodinav nomfundi wakhe uMike Thackeray baqhubeka nokubheka izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezingcono.Ngo-1982, uThackeray wasungula ibhethri ye-lithium manganenate yokuqala.Kodwa ngokushesha, wagxumela e-Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) ukuyofunda amabhethri e-lithium.Futhi u-goodinaf nethimba lakhe bayaqhubeka nokubheka ezinye izinto zokwakha, behlisa uhlu lwaba yinhlanganisela yensimbi ne-phosphorus ngokushintshanisa izinsimbi futhi ngokuhlelekile kuthebula le-periodic.

Ekugcineni, i-iron ne-phosphorus ayizange yakhe ukucushwa okwakufunwa yiqembu, kodwa kwakha esinye isakhiwo: ngemva kwe-licoo3 ne-LiMn2O4, into yesithathu ye-cathode yamabhethri e-lithium-ion yazalwa ngokusemthethweni: i-LiFePO4.Ngakho-ke, ama-electrode amathathu ebhethri e-lithium-ion abaluleke kakhulu wonke azalelwa elabhorethri ye-dinaf kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.Sekuphinde kwaba yisizinda samabhethri e-lithium emhlabeni, lapho kuzalwa osokhemisi ababili abashiwo ngenhla beNobel Prize.

Ngo-1996, iNyuvesi yaseTexas yafaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi egameni lelabhorethri ye-goodinaf.Leli ilungelo lobunikazi eliyisisekelo lebhethri le-LiFePO4.Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uMichelle Armand, usosayensi waseFrance we-lithium, ujoyine iqembu futhi wafaka isicelo nge-dinaf ukuze uthole ilungelo lobunikazi be-LiFePO4 carbon coating technology, eba yi-patent yesibili eyisisekelo ye-LiFePO4.Lawa malungelo obunikazi amabili angamalungelo obunikazi ayisisekelo angeke adlulwa kunoma yikuphi.

3/ Ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe

Ngokuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe, kunenkinga ephuthumayo okufanele ixazululwe ku-electrode engalungile yebhethri ye-lithium cobalt oxide, ngakho-ke ayizange ithuthukiswe ngokushesha.Ngaleso sikhathi, insimbi ye-lithium yayisetshenziswa njengezinto ze-anode zamabhethri e-lithium.Nakuba ibinganikeza ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, bekunezinkinga eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuba yimpushana kancane kancane kwempahla ye-anode nokulahlekelwa umsebenzi, futhi ukukhula kwe-lithium dendrites kungabhoboza i-diaphragm, okuholela ekujikelezeni okufushane noma ngisho nokuvutha nokuqhuma kwe-lithium dendrites. ibhethri.

Lapho inkinga inzima kakhulu, kwavela amaJapane.U-Sony ubelokhu ethuthukisa amabhethri e-lithium isikhathi eside, futhi uye wanaka kakhulu intuthuko yomhlaba wonke.Kodwa-ke, alukho ulwazi lokuthi ubuchwepheshe be-lithium cobaltite butholakale nini futhi kuphi.Ngo-1991, u-Sony wakhulula ibhethri yokuqala ye-lithium-ion yokuhweba emlandweni wesintu, futhi wafaka amabhethri amaningana e-lithium cobalt oxide cylindrical ekhamera yakamuva ye-ccd-tr1.Kusukela lapho, ubuso bezinto zikagesi ezithengwayo emhlabeni bubhalwe kabusha.

NguYoshino owenza lesi sinqumo esibalulekile.Waphayona ukusetshenziswa kwe-carbon (graphite) esikhundleni se-lithium njenge-anode yebhethri ye-lithium, futhi ihlanganiswe ne-lithium cobalt oxide cathode.Lokhu kuthuthukisa ngokuyisisekelo amandla kanye nempilo yomjikelezo webhethri ye-lithium, futhi kunciphisa izindleko, okungamandla okugcina embonini yebhethri ye-lithium.Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amabhizinisi aseShayina naseKorea atheleke embonini yebhethri ye-lithium, futhi ubuchwepheshe obusha bamandla (ATL) busungulwe ngalesi sikhathi.

Ngenxa yokwebiwa kobuchwepheshe, “umfelandawonye wamalungelo” owaqalwa yiNyuvesi yaseTexas kanye namabhizinisi athile ubelokhu ephatha izinkemba emhlabeni wonke, okubangele umbango welungelo lobunikazi ohilela amazwe amaningi nezinkampani.Nakuba abantu besacabanga ukuthi i-LiFePO4 iyibhethri lamandla elifaneleka kakhulu, uhlelo olusha lwe-cathode material oluhlanganisa izinzuzo ze-lithium niobate, i-lithium cobalt ne-lithium manganese izalwe ngokuthula elabhorethri eCanada.

Ngo-April 2001, uJeff Dann, uProfesa weFiziksi eNyuvesi yaseDalhous kanye nososayensi omkhulu weqembu le-3M eCanada, wasungula i-nickel cobalt manganese ternary composite cathode material enkulu, eyakhuthaza ibhethri ye-lithium ukuthi igqekeze esinyathelweni sokugcina sokungena emakethe. .Ngomhla zingama-27 kuMbasa walowo nyaka, i-3M yafaka isicelo e-United States selungelo lobunikazi, okuyilungelo lobunikazi eliyisisekelo lezinto ze-ternary.Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqobo nje uma kuhlelo lwe-ternary, akekho okwazi ukuzungeza.

Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) yaqala yahlongoza umqondo we-lithium ecebile, futhi ngenxa yalesi sisekelo, yasungula i-lithium enezingqimba ezicebile neziphakeme ze-manganese ternary, futhi yafaka isicelo ngempumelelo selungelo lobunikazi ngo-2004. Futhi umuntu ophethe lokhu kuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe yi-thackerel, eyasungula i-lithium manganenate.Kuze kube ngu-2012, uTesla waqala ukukhipha umfutho wokukhuphuka kancane kancane.UMusk unikeze izikhathi ezimbalwa zeholo eliphezulu ukuqasha abantu bomnyango we-3M webhethri ye-lithium R & D.

Ngokuthatha leli thuba, i-3M yaphusha isikebhe ngendlela yamanje, yamukela isu lokuthi "abantu bahambe, kodwa amalungelo obunikazi asekhona", yahlakaza ngokuphelele umnyango webhethri, futhi yenza inzuzo ephakeme ngokuthumela amalungelo obunikazi kwamanye amazwe nokubambisana kwezobuchwepheshe.Amalungelo obunikazi anikezwe inqwaba yamabhizinisi ebhethri ye-lithium yaseJapane neyaseKorea afana ne-Elektron, i-Panasonic, i-Hitachi, i-Samsung, i-LG, i-L & F ne-SK, kanye nezinto ze-cathode ezifana ne-Shanshan, i-Hunan Ruixiang ne-Beida Xianxian e-China Kukhona amabhizinisi angaphezu kweshumi esewonke.

Amalungelo obunikazi ka-Anl anikezwa izinkampani ezintathu kuphela: i-BASF, isikhondlakhondla samakhemikhali saseJalimane, izimboni ze-Toyoda, ifekthri yama-Japanese cathode material, kanye ne-LG, inkampani yaseNingizimu Korea.Kamuva, emqhudelwaneni owumongo welungelo lobunikazi wezinto ze-ternary, kwakhiwa imifelandawonye emibili yocwaningo lwamanyuvesi aphezulu.Lokhu cishe sekumise amandla ezobuchwepheshe "angaphakathi" amabhizinisi ebhethri ye-lithium entshonalanga, eJapane naseNingizimu Korea, kuyilapho i-China ingazuzanga okuningi.

4/ Ukukhuphuka kwamabhizinisi aseShayina

Njengoba i-China ingazange ibe yingcweti kwezobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo, isiphule kanjani isimo?Ucwaningo lwebhethri ye-lithium yaseChina alukaphuzi kakhulu, lucishe luvunyelaniswe nomhlaba.Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, ngaphansi kokuncoma kuka-Chen Liquan, isazi se-Chinese Academy of Engineering eJalimane, i-Institute of physics ye-Chinese Academy of Sciences yasungula ilabhorethri yokuqala ye-ion yesimo esiqinile e-China, futhi yaqala ucwaningo nge-lithium- ama-ion conductors namabhethri e-lithium.Ngo-1995, ibhethri yokuqala ye-lithium yaseChina yazalwa e-Institute of physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwama-elekthronikhi wabathengi ngeminyaka yawo-1990, amabhethri e-lithium aseChina akhuphuke ngasikhathi sinye, kanye nokuvela “komidondoshiya abane”, okuyiLishen, BYD, bick kanye ne-ATL.Nakuba iJapane ihola ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni, ngenxa yenkinga yokusinda, i-Sanyo Electric ithengiselwe i-Panasonic, futhi i-Sony ithengise ibhizinisi layo lebhethri ye-lithium ekukhiqizeni kwe-Murata.Emqhudelwaneni oshubile emakethe, i-BYD ne-ATL kuphela "ezine ezinkulu" eChina.

Ngo-2011, uxhaso lukahulumeni waseShayina “uhlu lwabamhlophe” lwavimba amabhizinisi axhaswe ngemali yakwamanye amazwe.Ngemva kokutholwa yinhloko-dolobha yaseJapane, ubunikazi be-ATL baphelelwa yisikhathi.Ngakho-ke uZeng Yuqun, umsunguli we-ATL, uhlele ukwenza ibhizinisi lebhethri lamandla lizimele, ake imali yaseShayina ibambe iqhaza kulo, futhi anciphise amasheya enkampani engumzali i-TDK, kodwa akazange athole imvume.Ngakho-ke uZeng Yuqun wasungula inkathi yeNingde (catl), futhi wathuthuka ekuqongeleleni ubuchwepheshe bokuqala, futhi waba ihhashi elimnyama.

Mayelana nendlela yobuchwepheshe, i-BYD ikhetha ibhethri ye-lithium iron phosphate ephephile futhi engabizi, ehlukile kunebhethri elikhulu lamandla e-lithium ternary enkathini ye-Ningde.Lokhu kuhlobene nemodeli yebhizinisi ye-BYD.UWang Chuanfu, umsunguli wale nkampani, ukhuthaza “ukudla umhlanga kuze kube sekugcineni”.Ngaphandle kwengilazi namathayi, cishe zonke ezinye izingxenye zemoto zikhiqizwa futhi zidayiswe yodwa, bese zincintisana nezwe langaphandle ngenzuzo yentengo.Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, i-BYD ibilokhu isendaweni yesibili emakethe yasekhaya isikhathi eside.

Kodwa inzuzo ye-BYD iphinde ibe buthaka bayo: yenza amabhethri futhi idayise izimoto, okwenza abanye abakhiqizi bezimoto bangathembeki ngokwemvelo futhi bancamele ukunikeza ama-oda kubancintisana nabo kunokuba bona ngokwabo.Isibonelo, i-Tesla, noma ubuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-BYD ye-LiFePO4 buqongelele okwengeziwe, busakhetha ubuchwepheshe obufanayo benkathi ye-Ningde.Ukuze ushintshe isimo, i-BYD ihlela ukuhlukanisa ibhethri lamandla futhi iqalise "ibhethri ye-blade".

Kusukela ukuguqulwa nokuvuleka, ibhethri ye-lithium ingenye yezinkambu ezimbalwa ezingabamba amazwe athuthukile.Izizathu zimi kanje: okokuqala, umbuso ubheka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuvikelweni kwamasu;okwesibili, akukephuzi kakhulu ukuqala;okwesithathu, imakethe yasekhaya inkulu ngokwanele;Okwesine, iqembu labafuna uchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kanye namabhizinisi basebenzisana ukuze babhodloze.Kodwa uma sisondeza, njengegama lenkathi ye-Ningde, impumelelo yezomnotho yase-China kanye nenkathi yezimoto zikagesi ezilolonga inkathi ye-Ningde.

Namuhla, i-China ayisali ngemuva kwamazwe athuthukile ocwaningweni lwezinto ze-anode nama-electrolyte, kodwa kusekhona ukushiyeka, okufana nesihlukanisi sebhethri ye-lithium, ukuminyana kwamandla nokunye.Ngokusobala, ukuqoqwa kobuchwepheshe basentshonalanga, Japan kanye neNingizimu Korea kusenezinzuzo ezithile.Isibonelo, nakuba izikhathi ze-Ningde zikleliswe kuqala emakethe yamabhethri omhlaba iminyaka eminingana, imibiko yocwaningo lwemboni yasekhaya neyangaphandle isabala i-Panasonic ne-LG ezingeni lokuqala, kuyilapho izikhathi ze-Ningde ne-BYD zisezingeni lesibili.

5/ Isiphetho
 

Ngokungangabazeki, ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kocwaningo oluhlobene esikhathini esizayo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamabhethri e-lithium emhlabeni kuzoletha ithemba elibanzi, elizogqugquzela ukuguqulwa kwamandla kanye nokusha komphakathi wesintu, futhi kufake umfutho omusha ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo. wezomnotho nomphakathi kanye nokuqinisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.Njengenkampani ehamba phambili yezimoto embonini, i-Tesla ifana ne-catfish.Ngenkathi igqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto zamandla amasha, iphinde ihole ekuphonseni inselelo imvelo yemakethe yebhethri ye-lithium.

UZeng Yuqun wake wadalula indaba yangaphakathi yomfelandawonye noTesla: uMusk ubekhuluma ngezindleko usuku lonke.Okushiwo ukuthi uTesla wehlisa izindleko zamabhethri.Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inqubo yokujaha kokubili kwenkathi kaTesla neNingde emakethe yaseShayina, kokubili imoto nebhethri akufanele indiva inkinga yekhwalithi ngenxa yezindleko.Uma sekunjalo, uchungechunge lwasekhaya lwangempela lwezinqubomgomo ezinenhloso enhle luzoncishiswa kakhulu ngokubaluleka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona iqiniso elibuhlungu.Yize iChina ibusa imakethe yebhethri ye-lithium, ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo kanye namalungelo obunikazi e-lithium iron phosphate nezinto ze-ternary azikho ezandleni zabantu baseChina.Uma iqhathaniswa ne-Japan, i-China inegebe elikhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali kwabantu kanye nenhloko-dolobha ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwebhethri ye-lithium.Lokhu kugqamisa ukubaluleka kocwaningo lwesayensi oluyisisekelo, oluncike ekuphikeleni kwesikhathi eside kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kombuso, izikhungo zocwaningo lwesayensi kanye namabhizinisi.

Njengamanje, amabhethri e-lithium abheke esizukulwaneni sesithathu ngemuva kwezizukulwane ezimbili ezedlule ze-lithium cobalt oxide, i-lithium iron phosphate ne-lithium ternary.Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo kanye namalungelo obunikazi ezizukulwaneni ezimbili zokuqala kuhlukaniswe izinkampani zangaphandle, i-China ayinazo izinzuzo eziyinhloko ezanele, kodwa ingase ikwazi ukuhlehlisa isimo esizukulwaneni esilandelayo ngokuhlelwa kwasekuqaleni.Ngokubuka indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni yocwaningo oluyisisekelo nokuthuthukiswa, ucwaningo lwesicelo nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wezinto zebhethri, kufanele silungiselele impi yesikhathi eside.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa nokusebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium e-China kusabhekene nezinselele eziningi.Isibonelo, ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela kwe-lithium yebhethri yezimoto zamandla amasha, kusenezinkinga ezithile, njengokuminyana kwamandla aphansi, ukusebenza kabi kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, isikhathi eside sokushaja, impilo yesevisi emfushane nokunye.

Kusukela ngo-2019, i-China ikhansele "uhlu olumhlophe" lwamabhethri, futhi amabhizinisi angaphandle njenge-LG nePanasonic abuyele emakethe yaseShayina, ngokucasula ngokushesha okukhulu.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokucindezela okwandayo kwezindleko zamabhethri e-lithium, ukuncintisana emakethe yasekhaya kuya kuba namandla kakhulu.Lokhu kuzophoqa amabhizinisi afanelekile ukuthi awine inzuzo ngokuncintisana ngokugcwele nokusebenza kwezindleko zomkhiqizo eziphakeme kanye nekhono lokusabela ngokushesha kwemakethe, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwemboni yebhethri ye-lithium yaseChina.